What is a Celt?

Iberian Roots Analysis
Your Comprehensive Iberian DNA Report

What is my Ancient Sample Breakdown?

Your DNA matches many ancient individuals from history. This chart represents a union of all your matching samples and their own individual classification. The displayed result is your personalized ancestral breakdown.

Your closest Ancient populations with Focus on Iberians...

Your DNA matches these ancient populations based on real archaeological samples from over 162 Ancient Civilizations. Touch the buttons below to learn more about them.

Etruscan (7.579)
Etruscan + Sequani (8.178)
Etruscan + Iberian (9.043)
Sequani + Latin (9.248)
Etruscan + Latin (9.253)
Etruscan + Daunii (9.524)
Daunii + Iberian (10.27)
Latin + Phoenician (10.43)
Daunii + Latin (10.63)
Etruscan + Aquitani (11.02)
Sequani + Iberian (11.36)
Latin + Iberian (11.38)
Sequani + Daunii (11.46)
Iberian + Phoenician (11.62)
Daunii + Cantabrian (11.7)
Etruscan + Cantabrian (11.74)
Sequani (12.33)
Etruscan + Phoenician (12.33)
Etruscan + Visigoth (12.36)
Latin + Aquitani (12.68)
Latin + Cantabrian (12.74)
Daunii + Aquitani (12.76)
Daunii (12.98)
Latin (13.2)
Sequani + Phoenician (13.27)
Iberian + Carthaginian (13.32)
Sequani + Aquitani (13.49)
Iberian (13.52)
Sequani + Cantabrian (13.76)
Cantabrian + Phoenician (13.86)
Daunii + Phoenician (13.92)
Latin + Carthaginian (14.01)
Aquitani + Phoenician (14.2)
Daunii + Visigoth (14.29)
Cantabrian + Carthaginian (14.31)
Sequani + Visigoth (14.41)
Etruscan + Al-Andalus (14.59)
Visigoth + Phoenician (14.62)
Latin + Roman Hispania (14.78)
Etruscan + Carthaginian (14.86)
Latin + Visigoth (14.89)
Iberian + Roman Hispania (14.94)
Daunii + Celtiberian (15.02)
Sequani + Carthaginian (15.06)
Iberian + Aquitani (15.1)
Latin + Al-Andalus (15.19)
Etruscan + Celtiberian (15.22)
Etruscan + Roman Hispania (15.23)
Iberian + Visigoth (15.44)
Iberian + Al-Andalus (15.53)
Celtiberian + Phoenician (15.54)
Aquitani + Carthaginian (15.9)
Celtiberian + Carthaginian (16.49)
Iberian + Cantabrian (16.53)
Sequani + Al-Andalus (16.62)
Daunii + Carthaginian (16.71)
Cantabrian + Roman Hispania (16.73)
Sequani + Celtiberian (16.82)
Iberian + Lusitanian (16.9)
Aquitani (16.99)
Visigoth + Carthaginian (17.13)
Visigoth + Cantabrian (17.14)
Latin + Celtiberian (17.23)
Al-Andalus + Cantabrian (17.27)
Visigoth + Aquitani (17.35)
Sequani + Roman Hispania (17.35)
Daunii + Al-Andalus (17.43)
Daunii + Roman Hispania (17.61)
Aquitani + Cantabrian (17.86)
Lusitanian + Phoenician (18.0)
Sequani + Lusitanian (18.07)
Al-Andalus + Aquitani (18.59)
Visigoth (18.96)
Lusitanian + Cantabrian (18.97)
Aquitani + Roman Hispania (19.12)
Al-Andalus + Phoenician (19.22)
Phoenician (19.25)
Etruscan + Lusitanian (19.6)
Celtiberian + Roman Hispania (19.77)
Iberian + Celtiberian (19.81)
Visigoth + Al-Andalus (19.84)
Visigoth + Roman Hispania (19.95)

The Iberians were a non-Celtic group of people associated with the southern and eastern coasts of the Iberian peninsula in the first milennium BC. Due to their military skills, Iberian soldiers were frequently involved in conflicts in Italy, Greece and Sicily. They lived in villages and fortified settlements called oppida based on a tribal organization with knowledge of metalworking, writing, bronze working and agricultural techniques. Preceeding Roman conquests in the region, Iberian settlements grew in complexity due to contacts with Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthageinians. They traded extensively with other cultures in the Medieterranean where Iberian pottery and metalwork has been found in France, Italy and North Africa. The Iberians also had close contact with Phoenicians who had established colonies in southern Andalusia. In the First Punic war between Rome and Carthage, Hamilcar Barca began his conquest in Iberia making the IBerian theater the key battleground between these powers. Many Iberian and Celtiberian warriors fought for one side or the other, though most tribes sided with Carthage. After Carthage's ultimate defeat, the Iberian territories were divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. An Iberian revolt in 197 BC against Rome was crushed, but was the beginning of a long drawn out campaign for the conquest of Lustiania to the west.



The Etruscan civilization was highly advanced and developed in Italy around 900 BC and their homeland was called Etruria. They would call themselves Rasenna, Greeks would refer to them as Tyrrhenians, Romans as the Tusci. Herodotus claims they were migrants from western Anatolia whereas Hellanicus of Lesbos claimed they hailed from Thessaly. Etruscan culture was very similiar to Magna Graecia in the south, although considerably more aristocratic. Their mining of copper and iron led to an enrichment of the Etruscans and an expansion of their influence in Italy and the western Mediterranean Sea. The Etruscans allied themselves with Carthage in an attempt to control trade and gain influence. By the 4th century, Etruria was dealing with Gallic invasions from the north and Rome annexing its cities to the south. The Roman-Etruscan wars would bring its final defeat as the Etruscans assimilated fully into the Roman Republic.


The Sequani were a Gallo-Celtic tribe that thrived in eastern Gaul, in an area now part of modern-day France and Switzerland, during the late Iron Age. Renowned for their strategic mastery of the regions river valleys, including the vital artery of the Doubs River, their land was a nexus of rich trade routes that attracted commerce and cultural exchange. Notably, they were participants in the epic struggle against Rome during the Gallic Wars, aligning with other tribes under the leadership of the iconic Vercingetorix. Their capital, Vesontio, now Besancon, was a formidable stronghold that famously resisted Julius Caesar in 58 BC, though it eventually fell to Roman domination. The Sequani were also known for their distinctive art and craftsmanship, particularly in metalwork, which displayed intricate designs and high skill, reflecting their complex spiritual beliefs and social hierarchy. Despite their eventual integration into the Roman Empire, the legacy of the Sequani lingers in the archaeological remnants and cultural heritage of the region, showcasing their enduring influence.


Legend has it that after the destruction of Troy in 1184 BC, the Trojan survivor Aeneas landed on the shores of Latium, a small triangle of fertile volcanic soil located in central western Italy in which Rome would be founded. Near the mouth of the river Tiber, Aeneas and his Trojan army were confronted by King Latinus of the local Italic tribe. Latinus was defeated and accepted Aeneas as his new ally. Aeneas married his daughter Lavinia and founded the city of Lavinium on the Italian coast. Their son Scanius founded a new city Alba Longa in the Alban Hills which became the Latin capital city. The neighboring Etruscans allied with the Rutuli King Turnus attacked the Latins/Trojans but were repelled concluding in the river Tiber becoming the common boundary between the Etruscans and the Latins. Romulus, born in Alba Longa, founded Rome in 753 BC and became the first king of this new capital. The Etruscans decided to suppress Rome as a future threat and a series of wars ensued which ultimately led to the demise of the Etruscans. By 509 BC, the Roman monarchy was overthrown leading to the creation of the Roman Republic.


According to the Greek legend, the Illyrian king Lycaeon had 3 sons named Iapyx, Daunius and Peucetius who led their people across the Adriatic Sea into south-eastern Italy where they settled and mixed in with the native pre-Italic population. The Daunii were an Iapygian tribe who inhabited the northern part of Apulia in Italy. Far enough from the Greeks in southern Italy, the Daunii developed a localised culture of their own. In fact numermous authors from antiquity such as Virgil and Servius have claimed the Daunians presence extended quite far including the Etruscan city of Ardea near Rome. During the Imperial age, the regions of Apulia and Calabria became production houses of grain and oil - forming the main export route for the eastern provinces of Rome. The Daunii gradually were absorbed into the Empire and lost their individual identity.


Phoenicia was a thalassocratic, ancient Semitic-speaking Mediterranean civilization that originated in the Levant, specifically Lebanon, in the west of the Fertile Crescent. Scholars generally agree that it was centered on the coastal areas of Lebanon and included northern Israel, and southern Syria reaching as far north as Arwad, but there is some dispute as to how far south it went, the furthest suggested area being Ashkelon. Its colonies later reached the Western Mediterranean, such as Cadiz in Spain and most notably Carthage in North Africa, and even the Atlantic Ocean. The civilization spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC. The Phoenician alphabet became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants where it evolved and was assimiliated by many other cultures including the Roman alphabet used by Western civilization today.


The Aquitani shared common ancestry with the Vascones and Iberians as a pre-Indo European people and spoke a proto-Basque language. They inhabited the region of Southwest France between the river Garonne and the Pyrenees mountains. Julius Caesar clearly distinguised the Aquitani from the Gauls and the Belgae who also inhabited broader Gaul as they had their own language, customs and laws. The Atlantic coast of the Aquitani was sandy and had thin soil - however gold and silver mines were abundant and they had established fine ironworks - Roman records mention the Aquitani as a wealthy people. Not long after Julius Caesar defeated Vercingetorix at the Battles of Gergovia and Alesia, the new Roman province of Gallia was established combining Aquitania, Belgica, Barbonensis and Lugdunensis. Latin became the predominant language of the region during Roman times, but even today Basque remains common in the southern regions.

Ancient Cantabria was a large tribal federation that lived in the northern coastal region of ancient Iberia. Roman historian Dio Cassius records how the Cantabri were experts at guerrilla warfare tactics against the Roman legions. They knew their difficult and mountainous terrain better and could conduct precision surprise strikes with ranged weapons and ambushes followed by quick retreats causing great damage to the Roman columns and supply lines. The Cantabrian forces were armed with short spears, javelins, lances and oval shields made of wood - as well as the bipennis, a double-headed battle axe specific to northern Hispania. After their defeat by Augustus, the Roman army would adopt the same tactics with light cavalry - this defeat was no small feat as it required 8 entire legions as well as the combined Roman navy.

The Visigoths emerged from earlier Germanic Gothic groups (possibly the Thervingi) who had invaded the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths were variable, alternately warring with one another and making treaties when convenient. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and sacked Rome in 410. After the Visigoths sacked Rome, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.
In or around 589, the Visigoths under Reccared I converted from Arianism to Nicene Christianity, gradually adopting the culture of their Hispano-Roman subjects. Their legal code, the Visigothic Code (completed in 654) abolished the longstanding practice of applying different laws for Romans and Visigoths. Once legal distinctions were no longer being made between Romani and Gothi, they became known collectively as Hispani.

According to Roman legend, Phoenician colonists from modern-day Lebanon, led by Queen Elissa, founded Carthage circa 814 BC. Queen Elissa was an exiled princess of the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre. At its peak, the mighty city she founded, Carthage, become known as the "shining city", ruling 300 other cities around the western Mediterranean Sea. The Carthaginian Empire extended over much of the coaster of Northwest Africa as well as most of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterannean Sea. For much of its histroy, Carthage was on hostile terms with the Greeks in Sicily and the Roman Republic. The city also had to deal with potentially hostile Berbers, the local inhabitants of North Africa. In the Punic Wars against Rome, the Carthaginian General Hannibal Barca led an overland invasion of Italy by crossing the Alps with Elephants. After crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of Trebia and Trasimene, Hannibal led a crushing defeat of the Romans at Cannae. In 146, after the third and final Punic War following hundreds of years of conflict, Roman forces destroyed Carthage. They utterly destroyed the city, enslaved whoever was still alive and poured salt all over the land to ensure nothing could grow back.

Distribution of Y-DNA and Mt-DNA Haplogroups in Eurasia circa 9000 to 7000 BCE.

Al-Andalus, also known as Muslim Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain that included much of Iberia, today's Portugal and Spain. At its greatest point, it occupied northwestern Iberia and present-day southern France. It generally refers to the parts of the peninsula governed by Moors at various times from 711 to 1492. At its greatest point, the administrative units included Andalusia, Portugal/Galicia, Castile and Leon, Navarre. Aragon, Barecelona and Septimania. Rule under these kingdoms led to a rise in cultural exchange and cooperation between Muslims and Christians. Under the Caliphate of Cordboa, Al-Andalus was a beacon of learning and Cordoba became one of the leading cultura and economic centers of Europe and the Islamic world. Achievements in trigonometry, astronomy, surgery pharmacology, agronomy and other fields all came from here. For almost its entire history, Al-Andalus was in conflict with the Christian kingdoms to the north. The Alhambra palace in Granada reflects the culture and art of the last centuries of Al-Andalus.

The Lusitani and Celtiberians who lived in western Iberia resisted Roman attempts to pacify them until 61 BC when Julius Caesar arrived on the scene. The final conquest of Hispania was accomplished under Augustus, between the years 39 and 19 BC. In 13 BCE Hispania was divided into three provinces: Baetica, Lusitania, and Tarraconensis. Hispania was significantly Romanized throughout the imperial period and it came to be one of the most important territories of the Roman Empire. Emperors Trajan and Hadrian were both born there and most all of the people of Hispania were granted Roman citizen status. Despite this, Legio VII Gemina was permanently stationed in Hispania Tarraconensis. Its base was at Leon to be close to, and to protect the gold and iron mines of Gallica. Hispania finally fell from the Roman Empire with the great Germanic migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries AD. Alani, Seuvi, Vandals and Visigoths poured through Gaul and into the west, effectively removing Hispania from Roman control by about 409 AD. Hispania's economy expanded greatly under Roman Rule. The province, along with North Africa, served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use even today.


The Celtiberians were a group of Celticized peoples (intermarried Celts and Iberians) living in the central-eastern Iberian Peninsula in the final centuries BC. They spoke a Celtiberian language using the Iberian alphabet. They were engaged in battle with the Romans until 72 BC when the entire region became part of the Roman province Hispania Citerior. The subjugated Celtiberians waged a protracted struggle against the Roman conquerors staging numerous uprisings. The culture combined cattle-raising pastoralists with warrior elite centered in the hill-forts or castros that controlled small grazing territories and preferred two-edged swords and spears in combat. Celtiberians were the most influencial ethnic group in Iberia when Carthage and Rome arrived. During the second Punic War against Rome, the Celtiberians served as mercenaries for Carthage. After Rome's eventual victory against its rival Carthage, Rome punished all former allies of its nemesis and went about 'pacifying' the Celtiberians. In desperation, the Celtiberians joined their Lusitanian neighbors under the infamous Viriathus in open rebellion against Roman rule.

The Lusitanians (or Latin: Lusitani) were an Indo-European people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula, where Portugal is located nowadays, prior the conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania. Since 193 BC, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans alone in Hispania. In 150 BC, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a treacherous trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). This massacre would not be forgotten by Viriathus, who three years later (147 BC) would become the leader of the Lusitanians, and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BC, Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (who had been sent as emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas. However, when the three returned to receive their reward from the Romans, the Consul Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".

Portugal Middle Bronze Age 1580 BC TV3831

mtDNA: H1+152Y-DNA: R1b1a1b1a1a2 (P312/PF6547/S116)

Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 13)
8 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 133.27 cM
Largest chain: 146 SNPs / 25.87 cM
  

You are the #1 top match to this sample!
You are #1 among a select few users who also have a deep dive match with this sample. This makes your relationship to this individual very unique. Full research for this sample is activated for you regardless of your access level. Touch the info button for more information.

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Chr. 1

322 SNPs

Chr. 5

139 SNPs

Chr. 6

104 SNPs

Chr. 8

110 SNPs

Chr. 10

252 SNPs

Ullastret Indigetes Iberian Head Girona 225 BC I3327


mtDNA: J2b1aY-DNA: R1b1a1b1a1a (L151/PF6542)

Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 10)
5 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 90.02 cM
Largest chain: 142 SNPs / 23.0 cM
  

You are the #2 top match to this sample!
You are #2 among 99 other users who also have a deep dive match with this sample. This makes your relationship to this individual very unique. Full research for this sample is activated for you regardless of your access level. Touch the info button for more information.

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Chr. 3

112 SNPs

Chr. 6

114 SNPs

Chr. 11

104 SNPs

Chr. 12

142 SNPs

Chr. 20

103 SNPs

Your Top Most Relevant Maps by DNA Ancestor Count

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